TEMPEST vs AIR - LIGHTING COUNT DISCREPANCIES
DISCUSSIONS
My experience in lightning detection both in the IR, Visual spectrum vs the overall broadband radiation it produces is that there are multiple discharges from what we see as a āsingleā stoke. Even our sensitive films taken in High Speed back in 1977 at T.R.I.P. [Thunderstorm Research International Project) in Socorro, NM revealed that even the 'Step-Leader" radiates itās own distinctive EMI bursts in almost all bands of the Electromagnetic Radiation spectrum.
For one discharge, there are literally dozens of Pre Events going on in the Cells, micro events all radiating its own signature.
SLOW BUILD UP and CHAINING of CELLS
So what we āseeā as a single Visible āReturnā strike, is in all actuality, multiple cloud Cells discharging to make one one big CtoG event, preceded with a step-leader [2 meters from the ground] signature [blue] - then the massive [white] 1 second or so Plasma burst from ground to the cloud. Usually there are about 3-5 such independent discharges at the same point.
Which means, the tempest is actually detecting all these multiple micro-second events.
SEE: Dr.'s R. Orville, V. Idone at ASRC, Albany, NY c 1977
OPTICAL TRIGGERING DEVICE TO CONTROL CAMERA SHUTTER
In solving this problem, I used an optical detection method to trigger the cameraās. Using a simple IR Diode emitter, but connected to a Low Noise High Speed Op-amp as a receiver, it detected the narrow band IR at ~ the precise moment the āReturn Stokeā began, not the pre C2C setups.
We used this simple and basic principle in 1980 from the Space shuttle Columbia to discern false strikes in orbit. SEE Dr. Vonnegut-Weed, First Space Shuttle Experiment, SUNNY, Albany, NY 1979-80, ASRC, 1978.
THE ORIGINAL DETECTOR
Using a small 1 inch solar cell from Radio Shack, we connected it to a step up audio transformer and fed the signal to a tape recorder.
Later [see thread] I developed a small hand held device the size of a pencil with an infrared emitter [ confiscated from my remote control], connected to a pulse transformer with a 1k to 10K ratio to a small ear phone. - totally blew us away. We tested it out with a strobe light miles away and worked perfectlyā¦
SUMMARY
The Tempest system can be easily modified with an additional optical pulse sensor to compare with the Magnetic data.
Or simply build your own āpencilā detector and carry it on the golf course or lake.
No battery needed.
The final device used a small piezoelectric clicker.connected to the 10k ohm output of the pulse transformer. During severe storms it sounded like a Geiger counter.
[See full tread]
Happy clicking!
-GW